मल्ल काल
Malla Era
कला, राजा र तीन प्रतिस्पर्धी शहरको स्वर्ण युग
Five centuries of dazzling urban civilization — Jayasthiti Malla's social code, the three rival courts of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur, the living goddess Kumari, the great durbars and pagodas, and trade caravans to Lhasa. It ended when Gorkha's cannon spoke in 1768.
The Rise of the Mallas
In 1201 a king named Arimalla took the throne of the Kathmandu Valley — beginning 568 years of Malla rule. Plague, earthquakes, and a Bengal invasion nearly ended the young dynasty before it could flourish.
Jayasthiti Malla: The Lawgiver
An outsider who married into the royal house, Jayasthiti Malla reunified the warring valley and gave Nepal its first comprehensive written law — codifying the caste system, weights, punishments and inheritance in ways that lasted five centuries.
Yaksha Malla and the Division of the Valley
Yaksha Malla ruled a Nepal stretching from Sikkim to Bihar — and then his six sons broke it into three rival kingdoms. Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Patan became competing capitals whose rivalry would decide the valley's fate 286 years later.
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The Three Cities' Golden Age
Three rival courts produced three golden ages: Pratap Malla's literary Kathmandu, Siddhi Narasimha's devout Patan, and Bhupatindra's monumental Bhaktapur — the era that gave Nepal its temples, festivals and living goddess.
The Fall of the Mallas
A small hill kingdom starved the valley for years, defeated the British East India Company's first relief expedition, and finally took Kathmandu on Indra Jatra night, 1768. In November 1769, with Bhaktapur's fall, 568 years of Malla rule ended.